Nanofiltration is a membrane filtration process designed to selectively separate ions and molecules at the nanometer scale. The process is effective for filtering out organic compounds, reducing certain ions (such as divalent ions like calcium and magnesium), and concentrating or purifying specific solutions. Nanofiltration membranes allow smaller ions, such as sodium and chloride, to pass while restricting larger particles, making it a useful technology for applications where partial demineralization or organic compound removal is required. This technology is used in applications ranging from wastewater treatment to food and beverage processing.

Electrodialysis is an ion-exchange process that uses an electric field to move ions across a series of selective membranes, separating them from the bulk solution. This method is particularly suited for applications that require controlled removal of dissolved ions, such as desalination, brackish water treatment, and industrial effluent processing. Electrodialysis can be adjusted to recover specific ions, making it a versatile choice for situations where resource recovery is also a goal. With careful configuration, it offers energy-efficient solutions to create demineralized water, desalinate seawater, or treat effluents while enabling the reuse or recovery of valuable ions.